The Enigmatic Life and Timeless Legacy of Ovid: Part One

In the rich tapestry of Roman literature, few figures stand as prominently as Ovid, a poet whose work offers timeless insights into the human experience. Known formally as Publius Ovidius Naso, Ovid was born on March 20, 43 BCE, in Sulmo, a town located in what is now modern-day Italy. He emerged as a significant literary voice during the reign of Augustus, weaving intricate narratives filled with evocative imagery and emotion. Ovid’s life and works have been celebrated, dissected, and debated through the centuries, making him a fascinating subject for both classical scholars and modern readers.

The Formative Years

Ovid hailed from a well-to-do family of equestrian rank, which placed him in the minor nobility of Roman society. His parents, conscious of their son's future, sent him to Rome to be educated in rhetoric and oratory—a typical path for young men destined for public life. However, despite his training and a brief stint in civic service, Ovid’s heart was never in the political realm. Instead, he gravitated towards the arts, specifically poetry, a decision that would shape the trajectory of his life.

Ovid's earliest works, a collection of love elegies titled "Amores," vividly reflect his zest for life, humor, and mastery over Latin verse. This collection was succeeded by the "Heroides," a series of poetic letters from mythological heroines to their absent lovers, displaying Ovid’s exceptional ability to capture the female perspective—a rarity in Roman literature.

Ovid’s Major Works

As Ovid matured as a poet, he produced some of his most celebrated works that would secure his place in the annals of literary history. Notable among these are the "Ars Amatoria" (The Art of Love), the "Metamorphoses," and the "Fasti."

The "Ars Amatoria," a didactic poem in three books, revealed Ovid's insights into the art of seduction and romance, cleverly blurring the lines between practical advice and satire. This work, however, would later contribute to his downfall, as its candid exploration of love clashed with Augustus's moral reforms.

The "Metamorphoses" stands as Ovid’s magnum opus. Comprising fifteen books, this narrative poem is a sweeping anthology of mythological transformations, interlinking stories from the creation of the world to the deification of Julius Caesar. Through metamorphosis, Ovid explored themes of change and continuity, portraying the fluid nature of identity and the eternal struggle between fate and free will.

Lastly, the "Fasti," an incomplete poetic calendar, delves into the legends and religious practices associated with the Roman calendar months. Each segment is rich with myth and ritual, providing insights into Roman culture and Ovid’s comprehensive understanding of its traditions.

Exile and its Mysteries

Despite his success, Ovid's life took a tragic turn around 8 CE when he was suddenly exiled to Tomis (modern Constanţa, Romania) by Emperor Augustus. The precise reasons for this drastic decision remain a historical enigma. Ovid himself cryptically attributed his exile to "carmen et error"—a poem and a mistake. Scholars have long speculated whether the offending poem was indeed the "Ars Amatoria" and debated the nature of his mysterious “error.” Some suggest personal indiscretions against the imperial family; others postulate involvement in political or courtly intrigue.

The impact of exile on Ovid was profound. Removed from the cultural vibrancy of Rome, he found himself in a remote, barbaric region on the fringes of the empire. Yet even in exile, his creative spirit endured. He composed poignant poetic laments such as the "Tristia" and "Epistulae ex Ponto," works that laid bare his sorrow and longing for Rome, providing a glimpse into the emotional turmoil of a man abruptly cut off from his roots.

The first part of this exploration into Ovid's life and literary legacy sets the stage for understanding the complexities and contradictions that defined him. Ovid’s works, distinguished by their wit, elegance, and innovation, offer a glimpse into the societal norms and challenges of his time, elevating his narrative to one that speaks across centuries. As we delve deeper into the subsequent phases of his life and influence, the subsequent parts of this article will further illuminate the indelible mark Ovid left on both the literary world and the cultural fabric of his age.

Ovid’s Enduring Influence on Literature

While banished from the heart of the Roman Empire, Ovid's work never ceased to resonate with those who encountered his verses. His influence is palpable not only in the immediate decades following his life but also across the expanses of the medieval, Renaissance, and modern literary landscapes.

In the Middle Ages, the dissemination of Ovid's texts throughout monasteries marked him as one of the most widely read classical poets. The "Metamorphoses" in particular served as a crucial source of mythological knowledge—a cornerstone for medieval writers and artists exploring ancient tales. Despite the Church’s occasional disapproval of his more risqué themes, his stories were frequently adapted and interpreted through allegorical lenses to align with Christian virtues.

The Renaissance, with its fervent revival of classical antiquities, embraced Ovid with open arms. The rediscovery of his manuscripts invigorated a surge of creative explorations drawing from his depictions of mythological and human nature. Writers like Giovanni Boccaccio and Geoffrey Chaucer wove Ovidian themes into their narratives, while artists like Botticelli pulled inspiration from his mythic retellings for their masterpieces.

Most notably, William Shakespeare frequently echoed Ovidian motifs throughout his plays and poems. Shakespeare’s "Romeo and Juliet" brims with references drawn directly from the "Metamorphoses," particularly in the context of transformative love. Through Shakespeare and his contemporaries, Ovid’s influence seeped into the very fabric of the English language, cementing his place in the Western canon.

Interpreting Ovid in the Modern Context

As we advanced into modernity, Ovid’s works continued to appeal to the human thirst for exploration of identity, emotion, and societal norms. The adaptability and universality of his themes have allowed countless reinterpretations, affirming his continued relevance in contemporary discourse.

In the 20th and 21st centuries, Ovid's "Metamorphoses" has inspired varied adaptations across mediums, including theater, literature, and visual arts. His explorations of transformation and identity resonate with modern existential and psychological themes, frequently crossing into areas such as gender studies and postcolonial discourse.

Modern writers like Ted Hughes and David Malouf have paid homage to Ovid by reimagining his narratives in new contexts, pushing the boundaries of old myths. Hughes’s "Tales from Ovid" captures the primal energy of transformation through his vivid contemporary lens, while Malouf’s novel "An Imaginary Life" delves into Ovid’s exile with a profound emotional depth.

Moreover, Ovid's exploration of the human condition finds an echo in the psychoanalytical frameworks of thinkers like Carl Jung, who drew parallels between Ovid’s mythologies and the archetypal themes of the subconscious mind, further extending his influence beyond aesthetics to psychological inquiry.

Ovid's Cultural Legacy and Challenges

Ovid's legacy is not without its complexities. His works have consistently sparked debate about the intersections of art, morality, and society—from medieval religious critiques to modern discussions on consent and representation in literature. The depiction of passion, power, and agency in tales like "Daphne and Apollo" or "Pygmalion" brings forth critical deliberations on gender dynamics and societal influence.

Yet, the continued study and interpretation of Ovid also reveal his progressive insights, notably his capacity to weave empathy and agency into his female characters, providing layers of depth often absent in other ancient works. As with many classical authors, revisiting and critiquing Ovid offers a rich tableau for challenging dominant interpretations and exploring diverse perspectives.

In addition to the thematic richness, Ovid's stylistic choices—his deft employment of elegiac couplets and vivid storytelling—serve as a testament to his mastery of language. His legacy thus persists both in the content of his narratives and in the influence of his form, shaping the development of poetic structures in Western literature.

As we conclude this second exploration of Ovid's impact, it becomes clear that he remains a towering figure whose works continue to stir imagination and challenge perceptions. The final part of this article will delve into his personal reflections and the philosophical undertones of his later work, bringing together the threads of a narrative that spans centuries and defies temporal bounds. Ovid’s ability to speak to the timeless and the mutable conditions of life ensures his place as more than a poet of antiquity, but as a perpetual voice in dialogue with humanity’s evolving narrative.

Ovid’s Personal Reflections and Later Works

Despite the harsh conditions of his exile, Ovid’s poetic inclinations did not falter. His later works, such as the "Tristia" (Sorrows) and "Epistulae ex Ponto" (Letters from the Black Sea), provide poignant insights into his personal reflections, embodying both the sorrow of his isolation and the resilience of his spirit. These pieces are deeply introspective, reflecting a man coming to terms with his circumstance and a poignant shift from the playful wit of his earlier works to somber introspection.

In "Tristia," Ovid paints vivid pictures of his longing for his homeland and the crushing solitude of exile. This work is a masterclass in emotional depth and sincerity, providing a narrative of lamentation that is both universal and intensely personal. Through these verses, Ovid not only conveys his profound grief but also his enduring hope—a testament to his enduring humanity amidst adversity.

The "Epistulae ex Ponto," structured as letters addressed to friends, family, and possibly influential citizens of Rome, aims to plead for compassion and a reconsideration of his banishment. These writings maintain a delicate balance of reverence and vulnerability, offering heartfelt appeals that provide insights into his inner world. While ultimately unsuccessful in securing his return to Rome, these letters stand as enduring expressions of Ovid’s unyielding desire to connect with the world he loved.

The Philosophical Underpinnings of Ovid’s Work

Embedded within Ovid’s poetry, particularly evident in his later works, are philosophical reflections that extend beyond the immediate narratives. These reflections showcase an evolving understanding of fate, nature, and the human condition. Across his oeuvre, Ovid often revisits the ancient notion of metamorphosis—not simply as an external transformation but as a symbol of internal flux, human resilience, and the relentless passage of time.

Ovid’s approach to myth and narrative is underlined by an inherent skepticism of rigid structures and truths. His works often challenge the boundaries between reality and fiction, encouraging readers to explore the gray areas of ethics, identity, and destiny. Through myths of transformation, characters navigate their quests, desires, and fates, offering narratives that suggest a deeply philosophical musing on change as the sole constant in life.

Similarly, Ovid’s engagement with themes of love, power, and divine influence in his stories conveys a nuanced commentary on human desires and the often capricious nature of the divine. His narratives question the morality of gods, mortals, and the thin veil between heroism and folly in human endeavors—a contemplation that has resonated with philosophical scholars over centuries and continues to invite profound inquiry.

Ovid’s Timeless Legacy

As we conclude this exploration into Ovid’s life and legacy, it becomes clear that his works transcend their temporal origins. Ovid’s stories and musings emerge as a bridge between the ancient and the contemporary, illustrating the themes of transformation, love, and identity that remain eternally relevant.

In the modern world, Ovid's legacy is celebrated not only in academia but also across popular culture. His influence pervades movies, novels, theater, and visual arts, where reinterpretations and homages continue to unearth the profound significance his body of work possesses. Through these adaptations, Ovid’s myths are revitalized, ensuring their perpetuity in vibrant new forms.

Ovid’s mastery of language, coupled with his innovative approach to narrative and universal themes, solidifies his work as essential foundational texts in the study of Western literature. His ability to evoke humor, sorrow, and reflection continues to captivate and inspire audiences. Moreover, his life story—a tale marked by triumph, tragedy, and tenacity—serves as a profound reminder of art's enduring power in human expression.

In summation, Ovid remains a timeless progenitor of poetic imagination and philosophical inquiry. His exploration of the human psyche, conveyed through compelling narratives and intricate verse, reinforces his standing as one of history’s most influential literary figures. Through Ovid, we are reminded of the timeless interplay between art and life—a dialogue that renders the past intimately connected to the present and forms an enduring testament to the power of storytelling.

Exploring Joe Penna: The Journey of a Modern Filmmaker

From the dynamic world of digital content creation to the grandeur of the silver screen, Joe Penna has carved a unique niche for himself in the entertainment industry. Known for his innovative approach and ability to captivate audiences through various mediums, Penna's journey is a testament to the power of creativity and determination.

Early Life and Pursuits

Born as Jônatas de Moura Penna in São Paulo, Brazil, Joe Penna grew up with a fascination for the arts and technology. His interest in storytelling began at a young age, influenced by his vivid imagination and a family that encouraged creative exploration. As a teenager, Penna moved to the United States, where he continued to pursue his passion for the arts, diving deeper into the realms of music and film.

Upon arriving in the U.S., Penna initially focused on his music career, becoming an adept guitarist. Like many aspiring artists of his time, he turned to the internet as a platform to showcase his multifaceted talents. This decision would mark the beginning of his journey into digital media, eventually leading him to YouTube, where he would become known as the "MysteryGuitarMan."

The Rise of MysteryGuitarMan

In the early days of YouTube, Joe Penna stood out with his channel, MysteryGuitarMan. Launching it in 2006, Penna quickly gained a reputation for his creative and technically proficient videos. His content blended music, stop-motion animation, and visual effects, offering a fresh and engaging experience to viewers. With his experimental videos, Penna amassed millions of subscribers and views, reaching audiences around the globe.

Penna's charm lay not only in the technical proficiency of his videos but also in their whimsical nature. His work reflected a level of storytelling that transcended language barriers, relying heavily on visuals and sound rather than dialogue. This universal appeal resonated with audiences, helping him rise to become one of the most subscribed channels on YouTube in the late 2000s.

Beyond entertainment, MysteryGuitarMan allowed Penna to develop invaluable skills in video editing and special effects. His hands-on experience with tools like Adobe After Effects and Premiere played a significant role in honing his filmmaking abilities. It wasn't long before Penna's expertise earned him recognition outside of YouTube, leading to collaborations with major brands and appearances in high-profile events.

Transition to Filmmaking

After establishing himself as a YouTube sensation, Joe Penna set his sights on a new ambition: filmmaking. While he continued to produce content for his loyal online audience, Penna began experimenting with short films. His dedication to storytelling and cinematic techniques culminated in projects that demonstrated his ability to craft compelling narratives beyond the constraints of the digital short format.

In 2010, Penna directed and produced the short film "Instantly," which was a hit in various film festivals, including the Tribeca Film Festival. This success fueled his determination to pursue a full-time career in filmmaking. Embracing his role as a director, Penna sought to explore stories that challenged both himself and the audience, tackling themes of isolation, survival, and the human spirit.

His dedication to his craft and willingness to push creative boundaries eventually led to his feature film debut, "Arctic." Released in 2018, "Arctic" was a gripping survival story that showcased Penna's evolution from digital content creator to a refined filmmaker. Starring Mads Mikkelsen, the film received critical acclaim for its visually stunning shots and Mikkelsen's stellar performance, solidifying Penna's stature in the industry.

Pushing Creative Limits

Joe Penna's journey from a young, ambitious musician to a successful filmmaker exemplifies the modern path to creativity. Unconfined by conventional routes, Penna leveraged digital platforms to build his own path, overcoming obstacles and seizing opportunities at every turn. His pursuit of knowledge and excellence in his fields—whether on YouTube or in the cinema—motivates countless aspiring artists.

As Penna continues to push the boundaries of his craft, his story serves as an inspiring reminder of the possibilities that arise from blending creativity, technology, and determination. His relentless pursuit of innovation marks him as a truly unique figure in contemporary filmmaking, forever impacting the art of storytelling.

Such is the impact of Joe Penna—a digital pioneer, an accomplished filmmaker, and above all, a storyteller at heart. With an unwavering commitment to exploring new ideas and mediums, Penna's career trajectory is a fascinating narrative of perseverance and constant evolution. He remains an influential presence in the world of filmmaking, inspiring a new generation of content creators and storytellers to embrace their uniqueness and pursue their dreams.

Joe Penna’s Filmmaking Philosophy

Joe Penna's venture into the realm of feature filmmaking is marked by his unique philosophy toward storytelling and his keen understanding of visual language. With a foundation in creating visually-driven content, Penna has always emphasized the power of imagery in communicating complex narratives. His approach to filmmaking integrates the artistic fluidity of music and the precision of cinematic techniques, aiming to evoke emotions and provoke thought without relying solely on dialogue.

A significant aspect of Penna's filmmaking philosophy is his belief in minimalism. In "Arctic," this philosophy is vividly expressed. The film employs few spoken words, inviting viewers to experience the raw emotions and intense struggles of the protagonist, Halla, played by Mads Mikkelsen, through visual storytelling. The stark, desolate landscapes and Halla’s fight for survival are depicted with a meticulous attention to detail, creating a powerful sense of immersion and tension. Penna’s choice to focus on the visual narrative demonstrates his understanding that silence can often speak louder than words.

Penna’s strategic use of challenges as a narrative device is another noteworthy element of his filmmaking style. He excels in crafting plots that test the limits of his characters, forcing them to confront both internal and external conflicts. By doing so, he not only keeps the audience engaged but also allows for a deep exploration of the human condition. Penna is consistently interested in how individuals respond to extreme situations, and this thematic exploration is a central thread throughout his work.

Navigating the Industry and Collaborations

Transitioning from the world of online content creation to mainstream cinema presented numerous challenges for Joe Penna. The established norms and intricacies of the film industry required him to adapt and learn quickly. Despite these hurdles, Penna embraced the opportunity to work alongside seasoned professionals, gaining insights into large-scale productions and the intricacies of feature filmmaking.

One of Penna’s most significant collaborations came with the making of "Arctic," where he worked closely with acclaimed actor Mads Mikkelsen. Penna's ability to lead a talent-heavy team was testament to his evolving capabilities as a director. He showed an adeptness at melding his vision with the contributions of his crew and cast, culminating in a project that resonated deeply with audiences and critics alike.

Penna’s collaboration extends beyond just actors to a broader creative team, including co-writers, producers, and cinematographers. In the making of "Arctic," Penna partnered with co-writer Ryan Morrison, who played a crucial role in fleshing out the narrative. This partnership demonstrated Penna's willingness and ability to synergize ideas and incorporate different perspectives, enhancing the depth and breadth of his projects.

In navigating the industry, Penna also realized the importance of festivals and film circuits in gaining exposure for his work. Presenting "Arctic" at prestigious film festivals provided Penna with a platform to showcase his unique storytelling approach to a wider audience. The positive reception further cemented his reputation as a versatile and capable filmmaker, earning him opportunities to explore even more ambitious projects in the future.

Beyond the Big Screen: Exploring New Horizons

Joe Penna's career is characterized by his unyielding quest for creative exploration, refusing to be pigeonholed into any specific genre or format. Beyond his achievements in independent film, Penna remains open to various creative endeavors. His background in digital media and music renders him capable of adapting to and reimagining content across different platforms.

Penna's interest in technology and new media continues to influence his work. He is especially intrigued by the potential of virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) storytelling, recognizing them as innovative tools that offer fresh ways to engage audiences. Penna's approach to these technologies mirrors his broader filmmaking ethos—leveraging visual elements to tell immersive, interactive narratives that transcend traditional form and substance.

In addition to exploring technology-driven narratives, Joe Penna remains committed to nurturing the nascent filmmakers of tomorrow. Through workshops and talks, he shares his experiences and insights, encouraging young creators to pursue their vision with unwavering passion. By fostering a community of aspiring filmmakers, Penna hopes to inspire others to push boundaries and challenge conventional methods, advocating for a more inclusive and diverse storytelling landscape.

In summary, Joe Penna's journey from an online content creator to a respected filmmaker encapsulates a drive to embrace new horizons and redefine storytelling norms. His commitment to innovation, coupled with a willingness to explore uncharted territories, positions him as an influential figure in the broader landscape of film and media. As Penna continues his journey, there's little doubt that his evolving body of work will continue to inspire and influence both audiences and creators worldwide.

Impact and Legacy in Digital and Traditional Media

Joe Penna's unique trajectory in the entertainment industry has left a lasting impact, influencing a new generation of creators who straddle both digital and traditional media landscapes. His success story serves as a blueprint for those who aspire to move seamlessly between these two worlds, echoing the evolving nature of content creation in the 21st century.

By initially tapping into the burgeoning potential of YouTube, Penna not only showcased his ability to innovate within the constraints of a digital platform but also set a precedent for how online presence can transition into mainstream success. For young filmmakers and content creators, Penna’s journey illustrates the importance of leveraging digital media as a springboard for broader artistic endeavors. His experience underscores the value of cultivating a versatile skill set—where creators can write, direct, edit, and produce content—which can be an essential stepping stone in a rapidly changing industry.

Furthermore, Penna's embrace of emerging technologies like virtual and augmented reality exemplifies his forward-thinking approach. He sees these platforms as more than just novel tools; he views them as an opportunity to redefine the audience's engagement with stories. By advocating for their potential, Penna contributes to a broader conversation about the future of storytelling, ensuring his influence persists beyond conventional cinema.

Lessons and Inspirations

Throughout his career, Joe Penna has shared several insights that aspiring creators can draw inspiration from. His discipline and work ethic are evident in the continuous evolution of his craft. One of the most significant lessons from Penna's journey is the power of persistence. Whether experimenting with YouTube videos or tackling the challenges of feature film production, Penna's unwavering commitment to his vision is a testament to the importance of dedication and resilience in the face of obstacles.

Additionally, Penna emphasizes the value of experimentation. His willingness to take creative risks, whether in the form of quirky YouTube videos or minimalist cinematic endeavors, highlights the role that trial and error plays in honing one's skills. Through each project, Penna demonstrates that innovation often arises from stepping outside one's comfort zone and embracing the unpredictable nature of creative endeavors.

While Penna’s achievements are significant, he remains remarkably grounded, always crediting his collaborators and supporters who have played an integral part in his success. This humility offers another valuable lesson, reminding aspiring artists that collaboration and community are indispensable components of the creative process.

The Future of Joe Penna

As Joe Penna continues to navigate the ever-evolving landscape of filmmaking and content creation, there are several exciting possibilities on the horizon. His journey thus far suggests a career defined by adaptability, openness to change, and an unyielding drive to push the boundaries of storytelling.

In the near future, audiences can expect Penna to further explore the intersection of technology and narrative form, potentially delving into projects that blend traditional film with interactive media. His interest in impactful storytelling, coupled with a passion for innovative formats, hints at his potential involvement in groundbreaking projects that could redefine how audiences experience cinema.

Penna’s journey also signals an ongoing commitment to fostering diversity and inclusivity within the industry. By creating stories that resonate universally and mentoring upcoming creatives, he strengthens his legacy as an influential force dedicated to nurturing a more dynamic and accessible world of storytelling.

Ultimately, Joe Penna’s career trajectory is a compelling narrative of a man who has navigated the vast and unpredictable seas of new media and traditional film with skill and precision. As he continues to contribute meaningful and poignant stories to the global audience, there is no doubt that Penna will remain a prominent and inspiring figure in both realms, continuously challenging norms and inspiring the creatives of tomorrow. Through his work, he exemplifies the limitless potential of storytelling and the power of innovation in an ever-changing world.

Vivienne Medrano: The Creative Mind Behind Hazbin Hotel

Vivienne Medrano, widely recognized by her online alias "VivziePop," has taken the animation world by storm with her unique art style and groundbreaking projects. Known for her dynamic storytelling and eye-catching designs, Vivienne's work is a testament to her creativity and dedication to her craft. Born on October 28, 1992, in Maryland, USA, Vivienne displayed an affinity for art from a young age, a passion that would eventually catapult her into the limelight of independent animation.

Medrano’s journey into the world of animation began during her college years at the School of Visual Arts in New York City, where she honed her skills and cultivated her distinct artistic voice. Here, she specialized in traditional and digital animation, a blend that has become a hallmark of her work. Her senior thesis film, "Timber," earned her accolades and set the stage for her future projects, reflecting the whimsical yet darkly humorous energy that characterizes much of her work.

In 2012, she launched her YouTube channel, vivziepop, which quickly became a hotspot for fans of vibrant animation and quirky storytelling. The channel initially featured student films and various animation experiments, gradually attracting a dedicated fanbase eager for more of her unique content. This platform allowed Medrano to reach a broader audience, showcasing her potential beyond traditional industry pathways.

Vivienne's most notable creation to date, "Hazbin Hotel," debuted its pilot episode on YouTube in October 2019. The project quickly gained viral status, boasting millions of views in just a few days. "Hazbin Hotel" is an adult animated musical comedy series that explores themes of redemption and morality through the eyes of hell's denizens. The show was notable for its diverse cast of characters, witty dialogue, and striking animation style, all of which contributed to its widespread appeal.

The series follows Charlie, the optimistic princess of Hell, as she attempts to rehabilitate demonic souls by opening a hotel that offers them a chance at redemption. With its bold narrative and richly textured world, "Hazbin Hotel" offers a fresh take on the animated genre, appealing to both traditional animation fans and those seeking something a bit more unconventional.

The launch of "Hazbin Hotel" marked a significant milestone in Medrano's career, highlighting her ability to bring together a team of independent artists and voice actors to bring her vision to life outside the constraints of large studios. The pilot's success demonstrated the power of alternative distribution methods like YouTube, proving that independent creators could rival the attention garnered by major animated series.

Beyond "Hazbin Hotel," Vivienne has continued to expand her creative repertoire. Her subsequent series, "Helluva Boss," further delves into the characters and universe she crafted, receiving both critical praise and a thriving fan community. This project exhibits her continued growth as an animator and storyteller, consistently pushing the boundaries of what indie animation can achieve.

Vivienne Medrano stands as a pioneering figure in the independent animation scene. Her work is a celebration of diversity, both in storytelling and the creative opportunities available through platforms like YouTube. Medrano’s impact on the animation industry underscores the evolving landscape of media consumption and the empowering potential of the internet in allowing artists to share their voices with the world.